It pays to(做某事是值得的) be an optimist. Upbeat types tend to be in better health. A meta-analysis(荟萃分析) by Alan Rozanski, a cardiologist, and his co-authors found that optimism was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events(心血管事件). They also tend to be resilient(有韧性的，能迅速恢复的). Optimists are likely to see setbacks as temporary and attributable to external circumstances, whereas pessimists regard reverses as a verdict on their own enduring weaknesses.(乐观者倾向于将挫折视为暂时的，并归因于外部环境，而悲观者则将挫折视为对自己持久弱点的裁决。)
做个乐观主义者是值得的。乐观积极的人通常健康状况更好。心脏病专家艾伦·罗赞斯基及其合著者的一项荟萃分析发现，乐观与较低的心血管事件风险相关。他们也更有韧性。乐观者倾向于将挫折视为暂时的，并归因于外部环境，而悲观者则将挫折视为对自己持久弱点的裁决。
Optimists are more likely to rise up organisational ladders(晋升，爬组织阶梯) as well. In a recent paper Nadine Chochoiek of Munich Business School and her co-authors surveyed founders(创始人), bosses and employees in the Netherlands, and found that entrepreneurs and managers are as upbeat as each other(彼此一样乐观). Both are more optimistic than employees.
乐观者也更有可能在组织阶梯上晋升。在最近的一篇论文中，慕尼黑商学院的纳丁·乔乔埃克及其合著者调查了荷兰的创始人、老板和员工，发现企业家和管理者一样乐观。两者都比员工更乐观。
Causality works both ways(双向起作用). Power itself is a source of optimism. It’s easier to feel better about the future if you have an ability to shape it. One reason why bosses have a more positive attitude towards AI than workers is surely that they have more control over what will happen. But optimism also propels(推动，驱动) people onwards and upwards. Optimists are more likely than pessimists to be entrepreneurs. Low expectations of success and a decision to found a business tend not to go together(往往不共存). Daniel Kahneman(① 背景：Daniel Kahneman...), a Nobel-prizewinning psychologist, described “delusional optimism(妄想型乐观)” as an engine of capitalism.
因果关系是双向的。权力本身就是乐观的来源。如果你有能力塑造未来，就更容易对未来感觉良好。老板们对人工智能的态度比工人更积极的一个原因，肯定是因为他们对未来有更多掌控。但乐观也推动人们不断前进和向上。乐观者比悲观者更有可能成为企业家。对成功的低期望和创办企业的决定往往不相容。诺贝尔奖得主心理学家丹尼尔·卡尼曼将“妄想型乐观”描述为资本主义的引擎。