
One hour into their Guaraní class, the medical students at the National University of Asunción are enthralled.(亚松森国立大学的医学生们上了瓜拉尼语课一个小时后,便已深深着迷。) One group provides “pytyvõpya’ehasývape” (first aid) for a “kangue opẽ” (broken bone). Another frets(担忧,焦虑) that a problem with the “tajygue mboaty rehe” (nervous system) may require “ñembovo” (surgery). The course is mandatory(强制的,必修的) for Paraguay’s future doctors, part of a wave of(一系列……的一部分) official measures to promote the indigenous language. Few seem to mind. “I love speaking Guaraní—it’s much friendlier than Spanish,” says Tadeo Ramírez, an undergraduate.
在亚松森国立大学,医学生们上了瓜拉尼语课一个小时后,便已深深着迷。一组学生正在为“kangue opẽ”(骨折)提供“pytyvõpya’ehasývape”(急救)。另一组则担心“tajygue mboaty rehe”(神经系统)的问题可能需要“ñembovo”(手术)。这门课程对巴拉圭未来的医生来说是必修课,也是官方推广这门原住民语言的一系列措施之一。似乎很少有人介意。“我喜欢说瓜拉尼语——它比西班牙语友好得多,”本科生塔德奥·拉米雷斯说。
Such zest(热情,兴趣) reflects the recent revival(复兴,复苏) of Paraguay’s ancient tongue. Just 2.3% of the population identifies as(认同为,自认为) indigenous, but some 90% understand Guaraní. Nearly 40% speak it every day at home along with Spanish, according to a recent survey. That is one of the highest rates of bilingualism in the world, far ahead of official diglots like Canada and Ireland.(这是世界上最高的双语率之一,远远领先于加拿大和爱尔兰等官方双语国家。) Most of this is “Yopará(巴拉圭的西班牙语-瓜拉尼语混合语)”, a blend(混合,融合) of Spanish and Guaraní (the word means “mixture” in Guaraní). “It’s our lingua franca(通用语,交际语),” says Miguel Ángel, a taxi driver. Paraguay is one of only two countries in the Spanish-speaking Americas with an official second language.
这种热情反映了巴拉圭古老语言的近期复兴。虽然只有2.3%的人口自认是原住民,但约90%的人能听懂瓜拉尼语。根据最近一项调查,近40%的人每天在家同时使用瓜拉尼语和西班牙语。这是世界上最高的双语率之一,远远领先于加拿大和爱尔兰等官方双语国家。其中大部分是“Yopará”,一种西班牙语和瓜拉尼语的混合语(这个词在瓜拉尼语中意为“混合”)。“这是我们的通用语,”出租车司机米格尔·安赫尔说。巴拉圭是西班牙语美洲仅有的两个拥有官方第二语言的国家之一。
Paraguay’s elites had long snubbed(冷落,鄙视) Guaraní as a rural vernacular(方言,土语), mocking its nasal sounds and glottal stops(声门塞音). Dictator Alfredo Stroessner(巴拉圭前独裁者) discouraged its use in schools in the 1950s and 1960s. Only with the return of democracy in 1992 was Guaraní recognised as Paraguay’s official language alongside Spanish.(直到1992年民主回归,瓜拉尼语才与西班牙语一起被承认为巴拉圭的官方语言。) A law in 2010 created a bilingual curriculum and administration. Today Paraguayans can choose to vote, marry and stand trial in Guaraní.
巴拉圭的精英阶层长期以来一直鄙视瓜拉尼语,视其为乡村土话,嘲笑其鼻音和声门塞音。独裁者阿尔弗雷多·斯特罗斯纳在20世纪50年代和60年代不鼓励在学校使用瓜拉尼语。直到1992年民主回归,瓜拉尼语才与西班牙语一起被承认为巴拉圭的官方语言。2010年的一项法律创建了双语课程和行政体系。如今,巴拉圭人可以选择用瓜拉尼语投票、结婚和接受审判。